Inițializare și securizare automate a Raspbian pe Raspberry Pi

Jls - 9 December 2018

Acest articol propune scripturi pentru automatizarea:

instalării Raspbian pe Raspberry Pi printr-un script bash făcut acasă
unei configurări și securizări minime a Raspbian prin Ansible cu un rol făcut acasă.

Instalarea Raspbian

Înainte de a începe ne plasăm într-un director de lucru, de exemplu ~/rpi
Introducem apoi microSD-ul (prin intermediul unui adaptor, de exemplu) pe postul nostru și localizăm calea microSD-ului
Instrumentele dmesg sau lsblk ajută la această localizare

## Dans ces exemples la microSD a été détectée sur sdd ce qui donne comme chemin /dev/sdd
## via dmesg
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ sudo dmesg |tail
[94655.145112] scsi host8: usb-storage 1-1.2:1.0
[94656.175566] scsi 8:0:0:0: Direct-Access     Generic  USB  SD Reader   1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS
[94656.176298] sd 8:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg4 type 0
[94656.177494] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] 62333952 512-byte logical blocks: (31.9 GB/29.7 GiB)
[94656.178010] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Write Protect is off
[94656.178014] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Mode Sense: 4b 00 00 08
[94656.178638] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] No Caching mode page found
[94656.178647] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through
[94656.182648]  sdd: sdd1 sdd2
[94656.185135] sd 8:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI removable disk

## ou via lsblk
jls42@boo:~/rpi$ lsblk
NAME           MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE  MOUNTPOINT
[...]
sdd              8:48   1  29,7G  0 disk  
├─sdd1           8:49   1  43,9M  0 part  
└─sdd2           8:50   1   1,7G  0 part

Apoi putem instala Raspbian pe microSD, de exemplu prin install_raspbian.sh
În timpul acestei instalări, va fi creat un punct de montaj /mnt/sdd

#!/bin/bash

# Ici on configure le chemin de la microSD
# et le point de montage nécessaire à la bonne exécution du script
msd_fs="/dev/sdd"
mountpoint="/mnt/sdd"

[ -d ${mountpoint} ] || mkdir ${mountpoint}
[ -b ${msd_fs} ] || { echo  "${msd_fs} non disponible" ; exit 1 ;}

#raspbian_version="2018-06-27-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip"
raspbian_version=""
if [ -z ${raspbian_version} ]
then
  raspbian_version=$(curl -s https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite_latest | \
  grep "raspbian_lite"| perl -nle 'print $1 if /.*href=".*images\/.*\/([0-9].*)"/')
  if [ -e ${raspbian_version} ]
  then
    echo "La dernière image de Raspbian est déjà présente"
  else
    echo "Téléchargement de la dernière image de Raspbian"
    curl -s -L https://downloads.raspberrypi.org/raspbian_lite_latest --output ${raspbian_version}
  fi
fi  

echo -e "Déploiement de ${raspbian_version} to ${msd_fs}"
time unzip -p ${raspbian_version} | sudo dd of=${msd_fs} bs=4M conv=fsync && \
echo -e "Montage de ${msd_fs}1 to ${mountpoint}" && \
sudo mount ${msd_fs}1 ${mountpoint} && \
echo -e "Activation du SSH sur Rasbpian" && \
sudo touch ${mountpoint}/ssh && \
echo -e "Vérification de l'activation SSH" && \
sudo ls -l ${mountpoint}/ssh && \
echo -e "Démontage ${msd_fs}1" && \
sudo umount ${mountpoint}

Îi dăm drepturi de execuție și îl executăm cu drepturi de root

chmod 700 install_raspbian.sh
sudo ./install_raspbian.sh

Ceea ce dă:

jls42@boo:~/rpi$ sudo ./install_raspbian.sh
Téléchargement de la dernière image de Raspbian
Déploiement de 2018-11-13-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip to /dev/sdd
0+28463 enregistrements lus
0+28463 enregistrements écrits
1866465280 bytes (1,9 GB, 1,7 GiB) copied, 102,911 s, 18,1 MB/s

real    1m42,923s
user    0m14,203s
sys     0m2,851s
Montage de /dev/sdd1 to /mnt/sdd
Activation du SSH sur Rasbpian
Vérification de l'activation SSH
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 déc.   8 22:45 /mnt/sdd/ssh
Démontage /dev/sdd1

În acest stadiu, cardul microSD este pregătit, îl putem introduce direct în Raspberry Pi.

Configurarea și securizarea Raspbian

Odată ce cardul microSD este introdus și Raspberry Pi este accesibil prin SSH, noi:

recuperăm rolul ansible de inițializare
pregătim playbook-ul ansible
rulăm scriptul Ansible

Recuperarea rolului ansible ansible-rpi-init

Am dezvoltat un rol ansible pentru această automatizare, iată cum să-l recuperați:

git clone git@gitlab.com:jls42/ansible-rpi-init.git roles/ansible-rpi-init

Ceea ce dă:

jls42@boo:~/rpi$ git clone https://gitlab.com/jls42/ansible-rpi-init.git roles/ansible-rpi-init
Clonage dans 'roles/ansible-rpi-init'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 17, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (17/17), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done.
remote: Total 17 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Dépaquetage des objets: 100% (17/17), fait.

Crearea fișierului de inventar numit inventory
În acest exemplu de inventar, Raspberry Pi are ip-ul 192.168.1.190

[rpi1]
192.168.1.190 servername=rpi1

Generarea unui hash de parolă prin mkpasswd și păstrarea rezultatului pentru acțiunea următoare

## ici le mot de passe est 'osef'
jls42@boo:~$ mkpasswd --method=sha-512
Mot de passe :
$6$KRDQqQeZT$Bu439CILeJqHmwoxCwHXsgTJ5JEQjpZWfzCw6Deggfhip.DGScoCnUSBi.Hqnkh1OZUhTBaQees6GooW.PSLe.

Crearea unui playbook Ansible numit init_rpi.yml

---
- name: "Initialisation du Rapsberry Pi"
  hosts: rpi1
  remote_user: "pi"
  roles:
    - roles/ansible-rpi-init
  vars:
    rpi_password: "$6$KRDQqQeZT$Bu439CILeJqHmwoxCwHXsgTJ5JEQjpZWfzCw6Deggfhip.DGScoCnUSBi.Hqnkh1OZUhTBaQees6GooW.PSLe."

Generarea unei perechi de chei ssh dacă nu avem deja una

jls42@boo:~$ [ -f ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub ] || ssh-keygen
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /home/jls42/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:qHhedMjuI0LySVAp2mpFQMozuqBwI00FZo0oHX7rkYI jls42@boo
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|.=**.            |
|*+=o.            |
|+B+ .            |
|+++o + o         |
|Eo* + = S        |
|*=o= = .         |
|+=..+ o          |
|  +o.o.          |
|   .....         |
+----[SHA256]-----+

În acest stadiu fișierele următoare sunt prezente

jls42@boo:~/rpi$ tree
.
├── 2018-11-13-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip
├── init_rpi.yml
├── install_raspbian.sh
├── inventory
└── roles
    └── ansible-rpi-init
        ├── defaults
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── handlers
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── LICENSE
        ├── meta
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── README.md
        ├── tasks
        │   └── main.yml
        ├── tests
        │   ├── inventory
        │   └── test.yml
        └── vars
            └── main.yml

8 directories, 13 files

Rularea Ansible cu playbook-ul init_rpi.yml

## Le mot de passe par défaut est : "raspberry"
export ANSIBLE_HOST_KEY_CHECKING=False
ansible-playbook -k -b -i inventory init_rpi.yml

Ceea ce dă

jls42@boo:~/rpi$ ansible-playbook -k -b -i inventory init_rpi.yml
SSH password:

PLAY [Initialisation du Rapsberry Pi] ******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:46:18 +0100 (0:00:00.050)       0:00:00.050 *****
ok: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Mise à jour raspbian] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:46:22 +0100 (0:00:03.502)       0:00:03.553 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Configuration du nom] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:53 +0100 (0:01:31.114)       0:01:34.667 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Ajoute le nom du serveur dans le fichier /etc/hosts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:55 +0100 (0:00:01.944)       0:01:36.612 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Ajoute la clef publique] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:56 +0100 (0:00:01.031)       0:01:37.643 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Mise à jour du mot de passe de l'utilisateur pi] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:57 +0100 (0:00:01.183)       0:01:38.826 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Redémarrage] ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:47:58 +0100 (0:00:01.249)       0:01:40.075 *****
changed: [192.168.1.190]

TASK [roles/ansible-rpi-init : Attente suite au redémarrage] *******************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
Saturday 08 December 2018  23:48:00 +0100 (0:00:01.714)       0:01:41.790 *****
ok: [192.168.1.190]

PLAY RECAP *********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.1.190              : ok=8    changed=6    unreachable=0    failed=0   

Saturday 08 December 2018  23:49:00 +0100 (0:01:00.451)       0:02:42.241 *****
===============================================================================
roles/ansible-rpi-init ------------------------------------------------ 158.69s
setup ------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.50s
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
total ----------------------------------------------------------------- 162.19s
Playbook run took 0 days, 0 hours, 2 minutes, 42 seconds

Și gata:

parola de acces pentru utilizatorul “pi” a fost schimbată
accesul este acum posibil fără parolă
Raspberry Pi are numele indicat în servername (prin fișierul de inventar)

Verificare

Ne conectăm la Raspberry Pi pentru a confirma accesul corect fără parolă și numirea corectă

jls42@boo:~/rpi$ ssh pi@192.168.1.190
Linux rpi1 4.14.79-v7+ #1159 SMP Sun Nov 4 17:50:20 GMT 2018 armv7l

The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.

Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Sat Dec  8 22:47:59 2018 from 192.168.1.42
pi@rpi1:~ $

Bucură-te!

Acest document a fost tradus din versiunea fr în limba ro folosind modelul gpt-4o. Pentru mai multe informații despre procesul de traducere, consultați https://gitlab.com/jls42/ai-powered-markdown-translator.